Plan an Entire Year of Content with this Retail Marketing Events Calendar Template

Plan an Entire Year of Content with this Retail Marketing Events Calendar Template You’re presumably believing that it’s excessively prospective arranging next year’s retail showcasing schedule. In any case, why postponed until tomorrow what you can do today? Actually, there are a ton of advantages to arranging your retail and web based business promoting campaignsâ early. A couple include: You’ll begin filling your deals funnelâ early, which means individuals will be nearer to settling on a buy choice when pinnacle purchasing periods move around. Working far ahead of time implies you’ll have more opportunity to develop a lot of showcasing runway. You can be progressively inventive, since you’ll have a lot of time to do it right. There will be less a minute ago fire-drills, making your work life increasingly reasonable. While I’m not anticipating that you should have the entirety of your retail advertising exercises for one year from now arranged, this layout and infographic should assist you with working up in any event a quarter or a greater amount of showcasing efforts. In the event that you’re not prepared to begin arranging yet †no issue. It’ll be here sitting tight for you when you’re prepared to begin. There’s even a printable retail showcasing infographic and schedule layout to help you when it’s time to get arranging. Retail Marketing Calendar Templates Before getting into the stray pieces of arranging your retail promoting schedule, you’ll need to download these formats. You’ll find:  A Marketing Campaign Planning Templateâ to sort out your whole retail showcasing effort. A Retail Marketing Calendar with all the up and coming occasions to design your crusades around. A Printable Retail Marketing Infographicâ to stay aware of all the key promoting dates. What is a Retail Marketing Calendar? Let’s start by examining a little about what a retail schedule really is. A retail advertising and occasions schedule is normally a spreadsheet that gives the showcasing group a solitary wellspring of truth for all the up and coming promoting exercises. It’s the feathered creatures eye perspective on the advertising system, new product dispatches up and coming occasions and limited time plans. A strong schedule should diagram cutoff times, assignments, and every single required move that must make place for substance to distribute on schedule. The archive ensures your promoting exercises go from creative mind to the real world. Organizations who sell an item by means of a blocks and cement, web based business store, or spring up shop would all be able to profit by a retail promoting schedule. Arranging Your Retail Marketing Events and Campaigns When plunking down to begin planning about your up and coming retail and deals battles, there are a couple of things you can do to ensure your drives are effective. A few advertisers feel that these means are an exercise in futility and remove exertion that could be utilized to deliver client confronting content. Be that as it may, advertisers are 356% bound to report successâ when they participate in a couple of arranging exercises before propelling a battle. Here are a couple of territories to concentrate on: Suggested Reading: The Marketing Management + Strategy Statistics You Need to Know in 2019 Objective and Objective Setting The primary objective of retail advertising is to carry guests to the store†¦ be it an advanced or physical area. At that point, we have to change over these guests into paying clients. Seldom does a guest completeâ a buy their first time in the store. The purchasing cycle regularly includes various connections before making a deal. The individual will visit the store, see a promotion or web-based social networking post, follow the organization, pursue its mailing list, visit the store once more, put something in the shopping basket, relinquish the shopping basket, click an advertisement, go cold for half a month, open a rebate email, visit the store once more, lastly complete their buy. It’s a tangled process†¦ and it can take weeks or even months. Characterizing objectives and destinations can assist you with understanding the frequently confused promoting pipe. Let’s experience how to set objectives that really add to the primary concern. â€Å"Get more visitors.† This is certifiably not an all around considered business objective. Why? Since it doesn’t indicate considerably more than a result. Your showcasing objectives need to give clear guideposts to what achievement resembles. At the end of the day. Your objectives should be S.M.A.R.T. Here’s what your objective ought to resemble: ‘We need 20,000 site guests and 5% changed over into leads, inside the following a year so as to accomplish our income objective of $1.2 million.† Suggested Reading: The most effective method to Set Social Media Goals To Crush Your Business Objectives Discover Your Retail Marketing Goal With This Step-by-Step Process Start by making sense of how much income you have to produce and the amount you need to develop. Stage 1: Make sense of how much income you have to create and the amount you need to develop. Your organization sold $1 million worth of product a year ago. You need to develop by 20% in the coming year. That implies you have to sell $1.2 million one year from now. Here’s the condition: Absolute Sales Previous Year x Percentage Growth = Revenue Increase $1 million x .20 = $200,000 $1 million + $200,000 = $1.2 million Stage 2: Compute the normal cost of your deals. Along these lines, you sold $1 million dollars in stock a year ago and you had around 20,000 absolute clients. That implies the normal individual burned through $50 in your store. Absolute Sales Previous Year/Total Number of Customers = Average Price of Each Sale $1 million/20,000 = $50 Stage 3: Make sense of what number of clients you have to arrive at your income objective. Accepting the normal offer of $50 stays steady... You’ll need around 24,000 clients one year from now. Or then again 4,000 more than you had a year ago. All out Revenue Next Year/Average Sale Price = Total Customers Needed Next Year $1.2 million/$50 = 24,000 Stage 4: Ascertain your guest change rate. Not every person who visits your store will make a buy or become a client. You have to make sense of your transformation rate to make an exact estimation for what number of all out guests you’ll need to get to meet your income objective. Taking the numbers from over, your store had 1 million all out guests a year ago and 20,000 of them transformed into paying clients. All things considered, you changed over 2% of guests into paying clients. All out Customers/Total Visitors * 100 = Conversion Rate 20,000/1,000,000 * 100 = 2% Stage 5: Ascertain the all out number of guests you have to arrive at your development objective. The last advance is to make sense of what number of guests you have to acquire as an advertiser to arrive at the income objective of $1.2 million dollars in deals. Expecting you keep on changing over 2% of guests All out Customer Needed/Conversion Rate  = Total Visitors Needed 24,000/.02 = 1.2 Million Visitors That’s your north star as an advertiser. All that you do ought to be centered around driving 1.2 million individuals to visit your store. Conceptualize Ideas to Reach your Visitor Goals 1.2 million guests (or whatever guest number you determined utilizing the recipe above) aren’t going to simply mystically show up. You’ve got the opportunity to do some extraordinary advertising to carry them to your store. To begin your meeting to generate new ideas, utilize this straightforward three-advance procedure. Stage 1: Get your promoting group together in a room. Have everybody go through ten minutes recording the same number of thoughts as they can. Don’t stress over the nature of those thoughts yet - you will vet the thoughts in sync 3. Stage 2: Spend ten minutes reciting every thought so anyone can hear. Have each colleague score each thought on a three-point scale. Threes are grand slams, twos are conceivable outcomes, and ones you can skip by and large. Stage 3: Spend ten additional minutes checking on every thought that everybody concurs is a three. These are your best thoughts and the ones you ought to go with. By following this procedure, you can wrap up your battle conceptualizing fifty-fifty hour to 60 minutes (contingent upon how much time you spend talking about thoughts toward the end). Guide All Your Best Projects on a Retail Marketing Calendar After you’ve made sense of all your best promoting thoughts, it’s time to get arranging. The format gave in the download above gives an essential establishment to begin. Basic populate the exceed expectations spreadsheet with every one of your thoughts, when you’re going to dispatch them and who will be included. Recall every individual task ought to have an objective to drive a specific number of guests. Here’s how to utilize it: I’ve made an anecdotal organization that sells fundamental children garments and frill. This movement plan gives a significant level for each battle that is descending the pipeline. In the following tab on the spreadsheet, you’ll discover a territory for the granular crusade subtleties. Start rounding out subtleties for each undertaking under the crusade. I began by making an anecdotal influencer outreach battle where 4 influencers will make supported substance on their Instagram takes care of. Give a short depiction of the venture, the financial plan, the objective, and due dates for each undertaking required. Next, you can fill in the due dates on the schedule format gave. This gives further explanation of due dates for each errand On the off chance that you’re kinda tired of dealing with a lot of various spreadsheets†¦ Furthermore, you’re never extremely sure if individuals are on their tasks†¦ Have a go at arranging your retail showcasing exercises in. As opposed to having to continually refresh a spreadsheet, gives you a solitary rendition of truth so everybody can at long last jump in the same spot. Start by making a showcasing effort by picking the main choice called â€Å"marketing campaign†. Once you’ve done this, you’ll see the crusade populate on your schedule. Next, include every individual task that will make up the battle. I’ll start with th

Incentive Plan (paraphrase) for my HR class Essay

Motivating force Plan (reword) for my HR class - Essay Example It is the obligation of the manager to lead a presentation evaluation on the workers in order to guarantee that the ideal execution result is accomplished in the association. To do this, distinctive execution evaluation techniques can be utilized. One of the strategies is the basic occurrence strategy where the chief will compose positive or negative execution conduct of a specific representative all through the presentation audit period. Another strategy that can be utilized is the weighted agenda technique where by an enormous rundown of spellbinding articulations of viable and inadequate conduct of the activity are appraised on every representative. The entire thought of execution evaluation is to guarantee that the business holds effective workers who can all in all perform towards the objective of the business. Execution examination is likewise utilized in motivation projects of representatives in the business. Motivator plans and affirmation programs regularly cover to achieve a shared objective by being administrator that expanded inspiration to perform. In any case, there are contrasts. Customarily, motivating forces are saved for sales reps and attached to explicit practices or results like selling a particular item or line of items.

The Development of International Relations Free Essays

Presentation This paper starts by delineating the definitions and what precisely is implied by global relations. Besides, it recounts to the narrative of how and why the investigation of global relations developed when it did, over the span of present day history. Despite the fact that, the history and the beginnings of this control alone doesn't uncover all that we have to think about how worldwide relations works nowadays, it absolutely would assist us with understanding the inheritance deserted by this study’s unique reason, global additions and disasters, and by its conventional ways of thinking; clarifications beginning from the hour of the Great Powers, to the French Revolution, the first of the partnerships, the Industrial upset, the two World Wars alongside the ensuing Cold War, the framed universal associations, for example, the League of Nations and the United Nations, lastly, to where worldwide relations stands today. We will compose a custom paper test on The Development of International Relations or on the other hand any comparable point just for you Request Now The ultimate result of this paper is to make a nitty gritty comprehension on the perusers mind on how global relations formed into what it at present is †a science, or rather a field of study †over the span of the cutting edge history, beginning from the sixteenth century. WHAT IS INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS? Worldwide relations is a field of study that looks to comprehend an assortment of worldwide issues, remote issues and the associations of countries and states inside the universal framework. Universal relations draw upon its skill from an assortment of different fields, for example, sociology, including topography, history, human science, political theory, financial matters, law, etc†¦ It is along these lines a moving field to ace because of its both various and complex nature. Carefully characterized, the field of International Relations (IR) concerns the connections among the world’s governments. Be that as it may, these supposed world’s governments or as it were country states, alone can't manage the occasions occurring in universal field. They in truth are associated or rather impacted by different on-screen characters, to be specific, between legislative associations (IGOs), global nongovernmental associations (INGOs), non-administrative associations (NGOs) and worldwide companies (MNCs) alongside other social structures, for example, financial matters, social contrasts and philosophy. Besides, the investigation of nternational relations has consistently been vigorously affected by regularizing contemplations, for example, the objective of decreasing furnished clash and expanding worldwide collaboration. Worldwide relations are an especially sign ificant part of citizenship in a worldwide society. As our reality decreases and littler through correspondence innovation, quick air transportation and a mind boggling universal economy and communications, the estimation of quiet and agreeable connections between countries is progressively significant. HISTORY The idea of universal relations in some way or another is presumably very old, given that people have been setting up governments and speaking with one another for a huge number of years. Parts of global relations have been read for a large number of years, since the hour of Thucydides, yet IR turned into a different and quantifiable order in the mid twentieth century. Nonetheless, numerous individuals concur that worldwide relations genuinely started to develop around the fifteenth century †the beginning of the advanced period †when individuals began investigating the world and communicating with different governments and societies. THE TREATY OF WESTPHALIA (1648) The cutting edge global framework is regularly dated from the Treaty of Westphalia in 1648, which built up the standards of free, sovereign expressed that keep on molding the worldwide framework today. Many even think about this bargain, likewise knows as the Peace of Westphalia as the introduction of global relations as a field of study. The Treaty of Westphalia was a progression of harmony settlements marked among May and October 1648 in Osnabruck and Munster, Germany. These bargains finished the Thirty Years’ War (1618â€1648) in the Holy Roman Empire, and the Eighty Years’ War (1568â€1648) among Spain and the Dutch Republic, with Spain officially perceiving the autonomy of the Dutch Republic. These bargains came about because of a major strategic gathering, along these lines starting another arrangement of political request in focal Europe, between the Hapsburg collusion (Austria-Hungury and Spain) and the Protestant nations (France, Britain, Sweden). Later it was called by numerous gatherings as the Westphalian power. The key factor to this ystem was the capacity of one state to adjust the intensity of another state so it couldn't get intensity of littler units and make an all inclusive domain, consequently shaping a connection between the numerous countries inside the European landscape. THE F RENCH REVOLUTION (1789 †1799) The French Revolution (1789â€1799), was a time of extreme social and political disturbance in France and one that had a significant effect on France as well as all through the remainder of Europe. The outright government that had managed France for quite a long time fallen inside a simple multi year term. Be that as it may, 5 chiefs set up control of the French state in 1795 and held force until 1799, when it was supplanted by the Consulate under Napoleon Bonaparte. Then, by the approaching finish of the eighteenth century Britain’s power increased because of industrialization alongside its opponent at that point, France. What was at one time the extraordinary powers in Europe and the adjoining territory were by this time starting to decrease, in particular Sweden, Netherlands and the Ottoman Empire. By and by, countries, for example, Russia and afterward followed by Prussia (the trailblazer of advanced Germany) likewise created in to significant players or rather extraordinary forces. THE NAPOLEANIC WARS (1803 †1815) The Napoleonic Wars (1803â€1815) were a progression of wars proclaimed against Napoleon’s French Empire by restricting alliances. The basic foundations for these Napoleonic Wars occurred because of numerous reasons. For a certain something, the French Revolution motivated a longing among the French to send out the beliefs of opportunity, uniformity and association. Subsequently, neighboring rulers, particularly the British Empire, discovered this exceptionally undermining. Napoleon happened to be both splendid and vigorous in guarding the state from its foes. In the long run, the elements of war and the adjustments in progressive soul made Napoleon King of France and the regions he had prevailed. Presently he turned into an alternate sort of danger as he needed to keep up his prevalence and control in France through success of neighboring states. Along these lines France, a solitary, exceptionally ground-breaking European state was viewed as a risk to world strength and must be put down. One way or the other France was vanquished at the Battle of Waterloo by a union of Britain, the Netherlands, Spain, Austria-Hungary, Russia and Prussia. In any case, Europe’s’ incomparable, the British domain understanding the danger that another difficult country (the Napoleon’s realm) could bring upon, and in this manner built up a collusion with individual European countries in 1815 named as the Congress of Vienna. THE CONGRESS OF VIENNA (1814 †1815) The Congress of Vienna was a gathering of represetatives of European states led by the Austrian legislator and held in Vienna from November 1814 to June 1815. The target of the Congress was to settle the numerous issues emerging from the French Revolutionary Wars, the Napoleonic Wars, and the disintegration of the Holy Roman Empire. This is to date considered as one of the principal the most unmistakable unions, or a progression of relations between countries throughout the entire existence of worldwide relations. THE CONCERT OF EUROPE (1815 †1914) The Convert of Europe was the level of influence that existed in Europe from the finish of the Napoleonic Wars (1815) to the flare-up of World War I (1914). Its establishing powers were Austria, Prussia, the Russian Empire and the United Kingdom, the individuals from the Quadruple Alliance which was answerable for the defeat of the First French Empire. In any case, in time France was built up as a fifth individual from the show. The Concert of Europe, be that as it may, is firmly associated with the congress of Vienna. It was the level of influence that existed in Europe from the fall of Napoleon in 1815 to the start of the First World War. THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION (1760 †1830) The term Industrial Revolution is ordinarily saved for a lot of occasions that occurred in Britain generally from 1760 to 1830. The verifiable occasions being referred to comprised of a lot of innovative, financial, and social changes that over the long haul altered the British economy as well as that of the remainder of Western Europe, North America, and inevitably a great part of the remainder of the world. For Instance, The modern Revolution started in Britain with the development of the steam motor in 1769. Wooden cruising ships were ceased underway. Rather, the assembling of bigger and quicker coal controlled iron steamships had its spot. These achievements put Britain as the main job in world’s economy alongside two different contenders; USA from the west ; Japan from East. These advancements in the fields of marine, street proceeding to rail streets expanded the world creation and exchange as well as tied far off areas all the more intently together progressively quicker and all the more monetarily. Moreover, Britain ruled world exchange this period because of its progression in innovation was route better than average at that point. In this manner, it items met gigantic rivalry and accordingly British Policy will in general kindness unhindered commerce. The United Stated in any case overwhelmed the British regarding economy before the finish of the nineteenth century, in spite of the way that they endured incredibly

South Africa stock market data - Free Essay Example

Background Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM) was introduced by William Sharpe (1964), Jan Mossin (1966) and John Lintner (1969) separately. This model has been regarded as a great contribution to financial economics. According to Fama and French (1992), the model has long shaped the way academics and practitioners think about average return and risk. In practice, it is the most used investment model by fund managers and analysts to determine risk and return of assets. Because of CAPMs importance in the world of finance, it has been largely tested and its validity has become debatable. Earlier testing of CAPM by Lintner(1965), Black(1972) and Fama and Macbeth(1973) found a strong positive relationship between return and risk (measured by beta). But not all empirical studies have achieved the same results. For instance, Corhay et al (1987) found no relationship between beta and returns for US, UK, France and Belgium for the period of 1969-1983. Similarly, Fama and French (1992) found no relationship between US beta and returns over the period of 1963-1990 and only a weak one from 1941-1990(Fabozzi, 2002). Fama and French claimed that other factors other than beta explained the returns contrary to CAPM. Their research showed that size and book-to-market equity were a more appropriate measure of risk, since they signific antly explained cross-sectional changes in average returns. The importance of size and book-to-market equity has been extensively tested in Developed markets as well as emerging markets such as Hong Kong and Japanese. Moreover, further studies on the relationship of beta and returns have also been tested in US, UK, French, Hong Kong, Swiss, Australian, German, Argentina, Brazil, Chile and Mexican markets (Morelli 2007). But none of such research has been tested using Africas data. This research aims to apply a similar empirical test on South Africas market data to explore the relationship between average share returns and these variables; beta, size and book-to-market equity. Since, this will be the first comprehensive study of this kind on an African emerging market, it looks promising. The finding will give an insight into the behavior share returns in Africa emerging capital markets which could aid investment and financial decision-making. Moreover, since I have a keen interest in stock market investments, a discovery of the factors that truly affect returns in my part of the world, will not only place me at an advantage of managing portfolios constructed in such markets that could yield high return, but also keep me motivated to start and finish the research. Preliminary Literature Review The two most important attributes of every investment is return and risk (Rutterford and Davison 2007: 40). The goal of every investor, who is usually assumed to be risk-averse, is to maximize the return on investment while minimizing the likelihood that the expected return will be achieved, that is, risk. There is a lot of the existing literature on the effects of risk on stock investment returns and models have been development to explore this relationship. CAPM is one of such models and is widely used by investment analyst and fund managers as it serves as a useful benchmark (Haugen 1997:239,254); despite its several empirical contradictions. CAPM offered a theoretical framework that explained the relationship between risk and expected return (Rutterford and Davison 2007:222,250). CAPM also introduced beta as a measure of systematic risk. A central idea of CAPM is that only one risk, beta, affects long-term average return on an investment (Redhead 2003:160-161,167 ). Where expected return is directly proportionate to beta relative to the market portfolio (Burton 1998). CAPM stipulate that a risk-free rate of return and a risk premium, which is a function of beta is the only explanatory factor for cross-sectional variations in average returns and that it significantly measures risk. It also implied that a proportional relationship exists between beta and returns. Early empirical studies of Black (1972) and Fama and Macbeth (1973) using US market data supported this preposition. And more recently, Pettengill and Sundaram(1995) also came up with similar conclusion using US data, where they found significantly high relation between beta and average returns. But, other empirical tests have revealed otherwise. Some discovered no significant relationship between beta and returns while others discovered other explanatory factors that could explain returns and measure risk other than beta alone. Banz(1981) and Keim(1983) discovered th e firm size effect while Fama and French(1992) discovered book-to-market equity. These factors amongst others were found to significantly explain cross-sectional variations of average returns contrary to CAPMs preposition. Due its importance in the finance world, series of empirical studies have been carried out to test these explanatory factors (beta, size and book-to-market equity) on average stock return using different markets data. Such studies were primarily focused on US, but over the years the focus has shifted to other developed nations like UK as well as emerging markets. Corhay et al(1987), Levis and Liodakis(2001) and Fletcher (2002) studied the UK market; Hawawini et al(1983) studied French data and also studied Belgium data(Hawawini, Michel and Corhay 1985); Elsas et al (2003) studied Germany data; Hong Kong and Singapore(Yue-Cheong 1997), Korea and Taiwan(Yan-Leung, Kie-Ann and Yan- Ki 1993) and Istanbul(Akdeniz, Altay-Salih and Aydogan 2000) market dat a have also being tested for the effects of beta, size and book-to-market equity effects on average returns. More recent studies on beta, size and book-to-equity and returns were carried out by Ho et al(2006) on Hong Kong data; Morelli (2007) on UK data; and Wang and DI Lorio(2007) on Chinese data. The findings of these studies are varied; some found a significant relation of these variables with stock returns while others did not. From the above analysis, it is evident that such an analysis is lacking using data from an African market. I feel further studies need to be carried out also using Africa data in order to have a holistic view to aid in accepting/rejecting these factors as explanatory factors of stock returns. Research has proven that stock market returns in emerging markets has been characterised by high risk as well as high returns (Akdeniz, Altay-Salih and Aydogan 2000). These high returns have attracted a lot of capital inflow into such markets creating th e need to study the nature of stock returns in such markets more apparent. According to Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (2008), a common concern for investors about African countries is lack of consistent, reliable and timely information which this study will try to addredd by making information in respect to stock returns and risks available. Johannesburg Stock Exchange (JSE) of South Africa could be seen as an example of an emerging market in terms of market capitalization, trade volume and listed companies. A study done on JSE revealed it as a semi-efficient market (Okeahalam and Jefferis 1999) which is one of the forms of efficient market hypothesis. Fioramonti and Poletti (2008) described South Africa as not only an emerging market but also one of the leading nations of the global south. This stock market started operations in 1887(Okeahalam and Jefferis, 1999) A detailed analysis of its stock market will no doubt illuminate on other African emerging markets and also give an idea about JSE market microstructure in comparison to other international markets. Research Questions and Objectives Research Questions Do a relationship exist between beta, size and book-to-market equity be used to explain cross-sectional average stock returns in using South Africa data? How important is risk in stock market returns in South African? Are beta, size and book-to-market equity appropriate measures of risk in using South Africa obtained from JSE? If a relationship exists, to what extent do each variable explain average returns? and Which of the variables is a more appropriate measure of risk and explains average returns of South Africa market? Research Objectives The objective of this research is to To explore the relationship that exists between beta, size and book-tomarket equity and returns in JSE To analyse the behaviour of risk in respect to stock market returns using South Africa data To identify and analyse if beta, size and book-to-market equity are appropriate measures of risk in JSE and which of the variables best explains average returns in this market Research Plan The research plan proposed is based on the choice of topic which centres on testing a popular asset pricing model in an African emerging market. Since this research aims to test Fama and French model (1992, 1995) on the explanatory factors that effect average stock returns using another scenario (South Africa data), it lies more towards theory testing and thus, a deductive study (Bryman and Bell c2007) would be more suitable. The research philosophy to be adopted for this research will embrace both the principles of positivist and interpretivist approach. These approaches are widely related to social sciences, business and management research. A positivist approach observes social reality in order to make an inference or generalisation based on findings to establish or explain underlying relationships between variables. In such an approach the researcher can do little to alter the substance of data collected and so the process of data collection is external (Saunders, Lewis and Thornhill c2007: 103). According to Quinton and Smallbone (2006: 18), the positivist approach seeks to provide an explanation for an event in an organisation while the interpretivist approach tries to understand the event. The interpretivist approach involves interpreting the social world in which we live in to order and make adjustments where necessary (Bryman and Bell c2007: 107). This research will be associated mainly with the positivist approach since the variables under consideration such as stock returns, book value and market value which can be observed and quantified. Moreover, such an approach not only allows for the establishment of relationship between the variables based on the findings from their analysis, but is also objective. On the other hand, since these variables are economic factors which are influenced by man to an extent, it is also associated with the interpretivist approach. Moreover, the research aims to investigate the behaviour of stock return as to understand its relation with the other variables under study. There are a number of research designs or strategies that could be used for a research e.g. experimental design, cross-sectional design, longitudinal design, case study design and comparative design(Bryman and Bell c2007: 44). For this study, two research designs will be employed; longitudinal and case study designs. A longitudinal research design involves the study of a particular phenomenon over an extended period of time (Saunders, Lewis and Thornhill c2007). This research design describe this research which will involve a sample of period of 20 years ( from June 1987 to July 2007) that will be divided into sub-periods, in order to discover patterns that will aid in valid judgements. Usually, such a design has more external validity than experimental design since it relies on empirical data. But care has to be taken to avoid errors in the selection process of the companies listed on JSE whose stock return will be analysed, so that the sample chosen is a clear representation of the entire population (Smith 2003). A case study design on the other hand, is a research strategy that entails the detailed and intensive analysis of a single case where emphasises is upon the examination of a setting (Bryman and Bell c2007: 62). In such an instance, the researcher usually seeks to illuminate the unique future of a case (Jewell 2008: 74). In the case of this research, the analysis is on Johannesburg Stock Market in South Africa. According to Yin (1994: 38), such a research could be described as a single-case study which is appropriate for theory testing, a unique and revelatory case. One of the limitations of case study lies in proving that findings can be generalised to a wider universe and are not only unique to the case under study. As a result of this, Yin argues that a multi-case study is more preferable. Both longitudinal and case study design will be relevant for this research which could be considered a case study research with a longitudinal element of analysing archival or historical stock and company information to make inference. Major limitations of such a research are associated with the data collected for studies. Historical data of stock returns in some databases, which this research will rely on for data collection, may exclude some current companies, nonsurviving companies (merged, acquired or bankrupt), data may not be up-to-date and complete (Smith 2003). Thus, care has to be taken in order to capture reliable and comprehensive sources of data. The data collection method to be employed in this research will be mainly from secondary data sources. The advantage of using this type of data is that it is easier to analyse; less time consuming; and more economical and cost-efficient; high quality data; and provides an opportunity for longitudinal study; amongst others than using primary data (Bryman and Bell c2007: 331-334). Saunders et al (c2007:248-262) has classified the types of secondary data and their uses in research into three categories; Documentary, Survey-based and Multi-source secondary data. My secondary data collection will be based on these sources. Documentary sources are divided into written and un-written materials. Written materials will be gotten from investment and stock market textbooks, academic journals in found electronic database consisting mainly of Business Source Premier and ScienceDirect (assess through Coventry University Library) to build more on the theoretical framework and investigate other previous studies for the critical review of literature. Newspapers such as Reuters, Bloomberg and Financial Times and their web-sites will also be a source for the written material so that recent statistical information can be captured as well. These sources, especially the journals, are peer-reviewed for quality and suitability and hence reliabl e. Survey-based data sources to be employed would be African Economic Research Corporation; Organisation for economic co-operation and development; international financial corporation and world federation of exchanges websites which are renowned. Multiple sources include times-series and area-based sources. Times-series source as well as area-based source for this research to obtain historical share information on all JSE shares will be collected from ShareNet Limited (The Sekunjalo Investment Group South Africa), I-Net Bridge (a stock broking firm) and Johannesburg Stock Exchange (JSE). ISIN data as well as annual company reports will also be obtained from the databases managed by them of which I have gained access. These three sources will allow for comparison of data so important companies are not omitted and data errors are minimised. Despite the advantages of using secondary data collection methods, there are also inherent disadvantages as outlined by Bryman and Bell (c2007: 334-335). These data sources where not built with this type of research in mind, so I might not be total familiar with structure and contours of the data which may also contain some complexities. The quality of data from some of the sources also cannot be totally guaranteed. The sampling plan to be use will be non-probability sampling. This type of sampling may not be used to make statistical inference about the population but will make it possible to draw generalisations (Jewell 2008). It will also allow me to choose companies that will fit the norm of the research. The non-probability technique to be employed will be a purposive sampling since financial companies according to Fama and French (1992) have to be excluded since their book-to market equity ratios are interpreted differently from non-financial companies. A sample of 80 companies will be randomly selected from all the securities listed in JSE with available data covering the period under study. The companies will be selected from different industry groups so that it can be a fair representation of the entire population and not industry specific. This sample is restricted to companies on both i-net bridge and sharenet databases. The data collected will be mainly quantitative and will involve both bivariate and multivariate analysis (Jewell 2008: 89). A measure of central tendency, the median will be adopted to allocate the company stocks into big and small groups for the size effect. Pettengills (2002) cross-sectional regression analysis model of will be used to test the effects of beta, size and boo-to-market equity on average returns. Results will be represented mainly in tables and interpreted to make generalisations and conclusion. The research will be carried out in such a way as to have relevance and originality as to meet research criteria of validity, reliability, generalisability and transparency(Jewell 2008: 68-69). It will be valid as the research plan discussed so far has been carefully chosen as that the research questions are being addressed. Since this research is a test of model, the same approach and measurements embarked by Fama and French will be replicated to avoid errors. It will also be conducted in such a way that other researcher can replicate not only the study but also the results. But it should also be pointed out that since this research involves real time data and organisational structures that a prone to change, getting the exactly similar results may not be likely. But every step of the research will be properly documented so that the research is as transparent as possible. I hope the findings of this research can be applied to other emerging African countries. But it should be noted that since I cant control the variables investigated, it might be difficult to generalise in the end, unless these markets have the same microstructure. The limitations of this research as mentioned earlier will be centred mostly on data collection errors, and the results of the study may apply only to the period and market under study, making it difficult to generalise. Ethical Considerations The research will abide to regulations stated in the Faculty of Business, Environment and Society (BES) ethics handbook 2006-2007 of Coventry University which identifies its ethics procedure policies. I will complete the ethics checklist and compliance form at the end of this research which will be duly signed by my supervisor and I. Since my research involves mainly secondary data, it is exempt from any ethical issues inherent in primary data collection. But I will abide to the regulations of data protection act that may be applicable to some companies information that will be part of the sample collected for the study. References Akdeniz, L., Altay-Salih, A. and Aydogan, K. (2000) A Cross-Section of Expected Stock Returns on the Istanbul Stock Exchange. Russian East European Finance Trade 36, (5) 6 available from lt;https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=truedb=buhAN=44466 64site=ehost-live Banz, R. W. (1981) The Relationship between Return and Market Value of Common Stocks. Journal of Financial Economics 9, (1) 3-18 available from lt;https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=truedb=buhAN=12249 440site=ehost-live Black, F. (1972) Capital Market Equilibrium with Restricted Borrowing. Journal of Business 45, (3) 444-455 available from lt;https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=truedb=buhAN=45863 40site=ehost-live Bryman, A. and Bell, E. (c2007) Business Research Methods. 2 edn. Oxford: Oxford University Press Burton, J. (1998) Revisiting the Capital Asset Pricing Model [online] available from lt;https://www.stanford.edu/~wfsharpe/art/djam/djam.htm [3/2/ 2008] Corhay, A., Hawawini, G. and Michel, P. (1987) Seasonality in the Risk-Return Relationship: Some International Evidence. Journal of Finance 42, (1) 49- 68 available from lt;https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=truedb=buhAN=46523 69site=ehost-live Elsas, R., El-Shaer, M. and Theissen, E. (2003) Beta and Returns Revisited: Evidence from the German Stock Market. Journal of International Financial Markets, Institutions Money 13, (1) 1 available from lt;https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=truedb=buhAN=86237 51site=ehost-live Fama, E. F. and French, K. F. (1995) Size and Book-to-Market Factors in Earnings and Returns. Journal of Finance 50, (1) 131-155 available from lt;https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=truedb=buhAN=95050 41632site=ehost-live Fama, E. F. and French, K. R. (1992) The Cross-Section of Expected Stock Returns. Journal of Finance 47, (2) 427-465 available from lt;https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=truedb=buhAN=46525 46site=ehost-live Fama, E. F. and Macbeth, J. D. (1973) Risk, Return, and Equilibrium: Empirical Tests. Journal of Political Economy 81, (3) 607 available from lt;https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=truedb=buhAN=50539 12site=ehost-live Fioramonti, L. and Poletti, A. (2008) Facing the Giant: Southern Perspectives on the European Union. Third World Quarterly 29, (1) 167-180 available from lt;https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=truedb=buhAN=27754 041site=ehost-live Fletcher, J. (2002) Examination of Conditional Asset Pricing in Uk Stock Returns. Financial Review 37, (3) 447-468 available from lt;https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=truedb=buhAN=72341 67site=ehost-live Haugen, R. A. (1997) Modern Investment Theory. 4 edn. London: Prentice Hall International Hawawini, G. A., Michel, P. A. and Corhay, A. (1985) New Evidence on Beta Stationarity and Forecast for Belgian Common Stocks. Journal of Banking Finance 9, (4) 553-560 available from lt;https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=truedb=buhAN=11488 597site=ehost-live Hawawini, G. A., Michel, P. A. and Viallet, C. J. (1983) An Assessment of the Risk and Return of French Common Stocks. Journal of Business Finance Accounting 10, (3) 333-350 available from lt;https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=truedb=buhAN=45596 54site=ehost-live Ho, R. Y.-W., Strange, R. and Piesse, J. (2006) On the Conditional Pricing Effects of Beta, Size, and Book-to-Market Equity in the Hong Kong Market. Journal of International Financial Markets, Institutions and Money 16, (3) 199-214 available from lt;https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6VGT-4H0S1GF- 1/2/c9218d85455b1deb757467cccf2a15c1 Jewell, S. (2008) How to Write a Research Proposal and Tips for Tackling Your Dissertation. Unpublished: Coventry University Keim, D. B. (1983) Size-Related Anomalies and Stock Return Seasonality: Further Empirical Evidence. Journal of Financial Economics 12, (1) 13-32 available from lt;https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=truedb=buhAN=12243 366site=ehost-live Levis, M. and Liodakis, M. (2001) Contrarian Strategies and Investor Expectations: The U.K. Evidence. Financial Analysts Journal 57, (5) 43 available from lt;https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=truedb=buhAN=54675 19site=ehost-live Lintner, J. (1965) Security Prices, Risk, and Maximal Gains from Diversification. Journal of Finance 20, (4) 587-615 available from lt;https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=truedb=buhAN=46566 97site=ehost-live Lintner, J. (1969) The Valuation of Risk Assets and the Selection of Risky Investments in Stock Portfolios and Capital Budgets: A Reply. Review of Economics Statistics 51, (2) 222-224 available from lt;https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=truedb=buhAN=46431 49site=ehost-live Morelli, D. (2007) Beta, Size, Book-to-Market Equity and Returns: A Study Based on Uk Data. Journal of Multinational Financial Management 17, (3) 257-272 available from lt;https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6VGV-4MK5GM4- 2/2/b5633ef62e0216b6aebe652a50be265b Mossin, J. (1966) Equlibrium in a Capital Asset Market. Econometrica 34, (4) 768-783 available from lt;https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=truedb=buhAN=68575 27site=ehost-live Okeahalam, C. C. and Jefferis, K. R. (1999) An Event Study of the Botswana, Zimbabwe and Johannesburg Stock Exchange. South African Journal of Business Management 30, (4) 131 available from lt;https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=truedb=buhAN=30346 81site=ehost-live Organisation for Economic Co-Operation and Development (2008) African Economic Outlook [online] available from lt;https://www.oecd.org/about/0,3347,en_2649_15162846_1_1_1_1_1,00.ht ml [2/2/ 2008] Pettengill, G. M. and Sundaram, S. (1995) The Conditional Relation between Beta and Returns. Journal of Financial Quantitative Analysis 30, (1) 101-116 available from lt;https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=truedb=buhAN=95050 25120site=ehost-live Quinton, S. and Smallbone, T. (2006) Postgraduate Research in Business a Critical Guide. London: Sage Publications Redhead, K. (2003) Introducing Investments a Personal Finance Approach. Harlow: Financial Times/Prentice Hall Rutterford, J. and Davison, M. (2007) An Introduction to Stock Exchange Investment. 3 edn. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan Saunders, M., Lewis, P. and Thornhill, A. (c2007) Research Methods for Business Students. 4 edn. Harlow: Financial Times Prentice Hall Sharpe, W. F. (1964) Capital Asset Prices: A Theory of Market Equilibrium under Conditions of Risk. Journal of Finance 19, (3) 425-442 available from lt;https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=truedb=buhAN=66374 96site=ehost-live Smith, M. (2003) Research Methods for Accounting [online]: Sage Publications Inc. Available from lt;https://site.ebrary.com/lib/coventry/Top?channelName=coventrycpage=1 docID=10080989f00=textfrm=smp.xhitsPerPage=10layout=docum entp00=business+research+methodssch=%A0%A0%A0%A0%A0Sear ch%A0%A0%A0%A0%A0sortBy=scoresortOrder=desc [10/2/2008] Wang, Y. and Di Iorio, A. (2007) The Cross Section of Expected Stock Returns in the Chinese a-Share Market. Global Finance Journal 17, (3) 335-349 available from lt;https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6W4F- 4MC71KF-1/2/a2d3ec118ac7d314bf17f5551fc1a923 Yan-Leung, C., Kie-Ann, W. and Yan-Ki, H. (1993) The Pricing of Risky Assets in Two Emerging Asian MarketsKorea and Taiwan. Applied Financial Economics 3, (4) 315-324 available from lt;https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=truedb=buhAN=57456 61site=ehost-live Yin, R. K. (1994) Case Study Research Designs and Methods. 2 edn. Thousand Oaks, CA ; London: Sage Publications Yue-Cheong, C. (1997) Multivariate Testing of the Capital Asset Pricing Model in the Hong Kong Stock Market. Applied Financial Economics 7, (3) 311-316 available from lt;https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=truedb=buhAN=97091 21237site=ehost-live

Essay Jane Eyre As A Modern Woman - 778 Words

Jane Eyre as a Modern Woman nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Throughout the course of Charlotte Bronte’s novel, Jane Eyre, Jane is used as a representation of a modern woman. Jane does many things which women of her time didn’t do. She started reading as a little girl. This was a talent that most women at the time didn’t acquire throughout their entire lives. She learned how to write, also. This, too, was a skill most women of that time did not possess. Perhaps the biggest reason why Jane is a modern woman is because she takes matters into her own hands. She is in complete control of her life and her destiny. Most women of that time were completely dependent on their husbands for everything. Jane Eyre represents Charlotte Bronte’s idea of†¦show more content†¦nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Next, Charlotte Bronte shows that Jane represents her idea of a modern woman because she can write. Most women of that time would spend their time sewing or housekeeping, but not Jane. She learned how t o write at school, and she wrote instead of sewing and housekeeping. For example, Jane uses her writing to better her life. She does this by writing an advertisement which states she’s a governess and she gets a new job at Thornfield. â€Å"With earliest day, I was up: I had my advertisement written, enclosed, and directed before the bell rang to rouse the school...nearer to my own age.--89† Another example of Jane’s writing was when she was a student at Lowood. She explains that she was writing and figuring out sums on her slate before she dropped it. â€Å"One afternoon (I had then been three weeks at puzzling over a sum in long division,...they thus greeted.--64† This is another way Charlotte Bronte shows that Jane is her idea of a modern woman. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Finally, Charlotte Bronte shows that Jane represents her idea of a modern woman because she is independent. This is the main reason why Jane is a modern woman. Unlike other women, she’s not dependent on a man to provide for her. She provides for herself because she is a modern day working woman. Back then, it was almost impossible to find a workingShow MoreRelatedHow Does Jasper Fforde s The Eyre Affair Testify?1419 Words   |  6 PagesHow does Jasper Fforde’s The Eyre Affair testify to the importance of reading in the formation of one’s self-identity? Many aspects contribute to the formation of a person’s self-identity. Whether it be their surroundings, their culture, their language, or even other’s personal identities, they all shape one’s perception of the world, the self-imposed rules surrounding them, and where they believe they belong within it. This world is encompassed with stories, and they contribute to the fabricationRead MoreJane Eyre Essay1323 Words   |  6 Pagesâ€Å"I am no bird; and no net ensnares me; I am a free human being with an independent will.† (Bronte, Jane Eyre). This quote expresses Charlotte’s beliefs on women’s equalities. Charlotte Bronte was born in 1816. She was one of six children and lived in Yorkshire County England. She first worked as a governess in the Sidewick family then in the White family for only nine months. Charlotte wanted more for herself, and none of her jobs satisfied her ambitions. When she moved back home, she discoveredRead MoreJane Ey re By Charlotte Bronte1601 Words   |  7 Pagesfinancial prospects or social standing matter in a modern feminist perspective? If she could speak, a modern feminist’s beliefs would likely shock her, so to interpret this novel as feminist, one must see it through the lens of the time and place Brontà « wrote it. Charlotte Brontà «Ã¢â‚¬â„¢s Jane Eyre was a feminist work in that Bronte expressed disdain for oppressive gender structures through the voice of Jane Eyre, and the actions of Bertha Mason. Jane Eyre was a steamy novel for its time, with imagery asRead MoreEssay on Criticisms of Jane Eyre1615 Words   |  7 PagesCriticisms of Jane Eyre The major criticisms of the novel in question to be the melodrama used by the author and the wickedness of character shown in Jane and Mr. Rochester. While most critics admired the style of writing and truth of character portrayal, they did not admire the improbability of circumstances or the characters portrayed. Elizabeth Rigby (later Lady Eastlake) was probably the harshest critic, calling Jane Eyre â€Å"the personification of an unregenerate and undisciplinedRead MoreComparing Wide Sargasso Sea and Jane Eyre Essay1325 Words   |  6 PagesWide Sargasso Sea is an interesting relation to Jane Eyre. The female character of Jane Eyre forms into a furiously, passionate, independent young woman. The female character of Jean Rhys’s illustration is a character that Jane will know further on as Rochester’s crazy wife who is bolted in an attic. Jean Rhys further studies this character, where as Charlotte Bronte approved that it was left explained (Thorpe 175). Antoinette, considerably like Jane, evolves in a world with minimal amount of loveRead MoreComparison of Charlotte Brontes Jane Eyre and the DH Lawrences Horse Dealers Daughter1260 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿Women as Outsiders: A Comparison Of Jane Eyre and The Horse Dealers Daughter Women are often portrayed as a marginalized other or outsider in literature, reflecting the degree to which they are outside the traditional patriarchal concepts of authority and power as well as (for much of Western history) outside the practical and legal means of self-sufficiency and self-direction. As the times have shifted, the particular perspective and definition of women as outsiders has also changed, asRead MoreJane Eyre : A Fight For Women s Equality1749 Words   |  7 Pages Jane Eyre: A Fight for Women’s Equality Feminism: the doctrine advocating social, political, and all other rights of women equal to those of men (dictionary.com). Throughout history, women have fought for and struggled with gaining full and absolute equality in society--which has proven to be difficult in the long-cultivated patriarchal society that we still live in today. In modern times, women continue to be paid less than men, are vastly underrepresented, and face many forms of violence aroundRead MoreThe Pursuit of Human Freedom in Kate Chopin’s The Awakening and Charlotte Brontà «Ã¢â‚¬â„¢s Jane Eyre1749 Words   |  7 PagesIn Kate Chopin’s The Awakening and Charlotte Brontà «Ã¢â‚¬â„¢s Jane Eyre, one of the most prevalent and recurring themes and ideas relates to human freedom. The main characters in the two novels, Edna Pontellier and Jane Eyre, both long for social, religious, and sexual emancipation among other things – freedom from the constraints of Victorian society, which have rendered them dependent and inferior to men. While it is true that both protagonists of their respective novels wanted emancipation, their livingRead MoreJane Eyre s Inner Conflict884 Words   |  4 PagesJane’s Inner Conflict In the novel Jane Eyre, Jane is often taken forced to make life changing decisions. Her decisions not only affect her own life and those around her, but also provide a model of a modern woman who is free from the social expectations for women living in her era. From a young age, Jane was taught the mindset that she must be independent and fight for her place. She was neglected as a child while living at Gateshead and often left to fend for herself. She was frequently lockedRead MoreTrapped in the Red Room: A Look into the Mind of the Original Mrs. Rochester1399 Words   |  6 PagesMrs. Rochester â€Å"One is very crazy when in love† (Freud). Freud made this statement nearly one hundred years ago. As one of the founders of modern psychology what would he have to say about the mad woman in the attic? Was she mad, in love, suffering from hysteria, or simply a product of nature versus nurture? Neither of which were very kind to her. In Jane Eyre we as the readers are presented with a singular perspective in nearly true to form autobiographical narrative. From Jane’s viewpoint and from

A Compare and Contrast of the Kindle Fire and the Nook Tablet

Compare and Contrast Lisa Connor COM/155 February 19, 2011 Dana Smith Compare and Contrast Scores of consumers are discussing the two well-known reading tablets called the Kindle Fire and the Nook Tablet. Shoppers are trying to determine which e-reader offers the best quality and features. After conducting an objective study, considerable elements were accurately established in relation to these products. The Kindle Fire and the Nook Tablet have many similarities; however, they show noticeable differences within the content, ease of use, battery life, and storage. The greatest difference between these two products is in relation to content. The Kindle Fire has a generous selection of applications whereas the Nook Tablet‘s†¦show more content†¦The Kindle Fire offers 8 GB of internal memory. After it is configured, the Kindle Fire is shown to have 6GB for buyers to maneuver and stage-manage as they desire. In addition, the Kindle Fire provides a handy online tool labeled as Cloud Storage which allows unlimited storing capabilities to Kindle and Amazon users. In contrast, the Nook Tablet advertises 32 GB of internal storage but after a full-review of the Nook Tablet, only a lone gigabyte is available for optimal use; the other 12 GB are set aside for content which can only be purchased from Barnes and Nobles stores (Johnston, 2011). However, the Nook Tablet gains some position for having an (empty) micro SD card slot available for its users. After weighing up the difference between the storage within these gadgets (coming in their original form) the Nook Tablet s storage appears to be somewhat deceptive (Moz, 2011). In terms of deception the storage wasn t the only feature that misled buyers of the Nook Tablet and Kindle Fire. After a careful examination of the battery function on either tablet, the battery life duration for each e-reader had to be determined by more than one factor. The Nook Tablet offers nine full hours of battery use. The Kindle Fire advertises seven and a half hours of battery life when in reality it provides no more than six full hours (Johnston, 2011). The Kindle Fire’s battery lasts longer only if the user is reading anShow MoreRelatedMarketing and E-commerce Business65852 Words   |  264 PagesGartner Research, and other industry sources. What’s New in E-commerce 2014 E-commerce today is greatly different from e-commerce only five years ago. The iPhone was introduced in 2007. The iPad tablet was first introduced in 2010 and has already gone through several generations! The smartphone and tablet devices have changed e-commerce into a social, local, and mobile experience. The 10th edition spotlights the following themes and content: Headlines †¢ Social, Mobile, Local: We have included

Research Proposal on Efficient Information Hiding Techniques Using Ste

Question: Describe about the Research Proposal on Efficient Information Hiding Techniques Using Steganography. Answer: Introduction The increase in the number of attacks during the exchange of information electronically has given rise to a number of applications and mechanisms for protecting against such cyber threats. Steganography is a technique used for hiding messages (Zielinska, Mazurczyk and Szczypiorski 2014). There are different categories of steganography including images, text, protocol as well as audio or video. There are several approaches to apply steganography for hiding such different types of information. Problem Statement The use of steganography is useful for encrypting confidential information before electronically exchanging so as to protect against unwanted stealing or hacking of valuable data. More precisely, the main purpose of implementing steganography is to avoid drawing suspicion to the presence of a particular hidden information or message (Wang, Wei and Han 2015). This approach of steganography for hiding message has been rapidly becoming popular in several application areas such as digital audio, images, videos that contain hidden copyright notice or serial number or preventing against direct and unauthorized copying. Research Questions The research questions formulated for the present study will be as follows: What are the different techniques of information hiding using steganography? How can security tool based on steganographic techniques be implemented for hiding information containing image and text files? Background / Literature Review / Related Work Several steganography techniques can be applied for hiding messages in multimedia objects. However, some of the common approaches involve masking and filtering; transform techniques and least significant bit (LSB) insertion (Hamid et al. 2012). The goal of steganography is communicating in a secure and undetectable manner, thereby avoiding suspicion to the electronic exchange of hidden data. Transform techniques modulates the coefficients in a transform domain for embedding the message (Pandit, Khope and Student 2016). It includes Wavelet Transform, Discrete Fourier Transform or Discrete Cosine Transform (DCT) applied in JPEG compression. Masking and filtering techniques marks the image to hide data. It is significantly similar to the method of paper watermarks and is generally restricted to images that are gray scale and 24 bits. LSB insertion uses an approach to directly embed the bits of the message into the LSB plane of the cover image in a specific sequence. Methodology The research method will be based on a secondary analysis of previous studies and results as well as an experimental study. Therefore, it will follow a deductive approach with a descriptive research design for exploring the different steganographic techniques already in use. After that, the researcher will dive into an empirical implementation of a security tool using steganography is applied on information that includes audio and text data. Conclusion The study will contain a detail analysis of the present techniques and approaches of steganography for increasing information confidentially, privacy and security by protecting against digital theft or attacks. The different approaches will be discussed with particular concentration on the LSB approach along with its advantages and disadvantages. Finally, the researcher will attempt to implement one approach to hide information containing audio or text or both. References Hamid, N., Yahya, A., Ahmad, R.B. and Al-Qershi, O.M., 2012. Image steganography techniques: an overview.International Journal of Computer Science and Security (IJCSS),6(3), pp.168-187. Pandit, A.S., Khope, S.R. and Student, F., 2016. Review on Image Steganography.International Journal of Engineering Science,6115. Wang, X., Wei, C. and Han, X., 2015. Steganography forensics method for detecting least significant bit replacement attack.Journal of Electronic Imaging,24(1), pp.013016-013016. Zielinska, E., Mazurczyk, W. and Szczypiorski, K., 2014. Trends in steganography.Communications of the ACM,57(3), pp.86-95.